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Understanding Human Behaviour Without Spoken Words — Edwin Ogie Library Understanding Human Behaviour Without Spoken Words Nonverbal Communication as a core human skill — simple, practical, and classroom-friendly. Chapter Objectives Introduction Meaning & Scope Major Channels Interpreting Behaviour Culture & Ethics Practical Applications Case Illustrations Reflection & Practice Summary & Terms By Edwin Ogie Library — clear, usable lessons for students and teachers. Chapter Objectives At the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to: Clearly define nonverbal communication and explain its role in human interaction. Identify and interpret major forms of nonverbal behaviour with accuracy. Analyse behaviour using clusters of cues rather than isolated signals. Apply nonverbal awareness eff...
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Resistance in Series and Parallel Connections

Worked Examples on Resistance in Series and Parallel Connections

Example 1: Series Connection

Three resistors, R1 = 4Ω, R2 = 6Ω, and R3 = 10Ω, are connected in series. Find the total resistance.

Solution: Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 = 4 + 6 + 10 = 20Ω

Series Connection Diagram

Example 2: Parallel Connection

Three resistors, R1 = 6Ω, R2 = 12Ω, and R3 = 18Ω, are connected in parallel. Find the total resistance.

Solution: 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 = 1/6 + 1/12 + 1/18

1/Rtotal = 6/36 = 1/6, so Rtotal = 6Ω

Parallel Connection Diagram

Example 3: Series Connection

Two resistors, R1 = 15Ω and R2 = 10Ω, are connected in series. Find the total resistance.

Solution: Rtotal = R1 + R2 = 15 + 10 = 25Ω

Series Connection Diagram

Example 4: Parallel Connection

Two resistors, R1 = 8Ω and R2 = 16Ω, are connected in parallel. Find the total resistance.

Solution: 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/8 + 1/16 = 2/16 + 1/16 = 3/16

Rtotal = 16/3 = 5.33Ω

Parallel Connection Diagram

Example 5: Series Connection

Four resistors, R1 = 2Ω, R2 = 3Ω, R3 = 4Ω, and R4 = 5Ω, are connected in series. Find the total resistance.

Solution: Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 14Ω

Series Connection Diagram

Example 6: Parallel Connection

Three resistors, R1 = 10Ω, R2 = 20Ω, and R3 = 30Ω, are connected in parallel. Find the total resistance.

Solution: 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 = 1/10 + 1/20 + 1/30

1/Rtotal = 6/60 = 1/10, so Rtotal = 10Ω

Parallel Connection Diagram

Example 7: Series Connection

Two resistors, R1 = 7Ω and R2 = 9Ω, are connected in series. Find the total resistance.

Solution: Rtotal = R1 + R2 = 7 + 9 = 16Ω

Series Connection Diagram

Example 8: Parallel Connection

Two resistors, R1 = 5Ω and R2 = 15Ω, are connected in parallel. Find the total resistance.

Solution: 1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/5 + 1/15 = 3/15 + 1/15 = 4/15

Rtotal = 15/4 = 3.75Ω

Parallel Connection Diagram

Example 9: Mixed Connection

Two resistors, R1 = 12Ω and R2 = 6Ω, are connected in parallel. The combination is then connected in series with R3 = 8Ω. Find the total resistance.

Solution: First, find Rparallel: 1/Rparallel = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1/12 + 1/6 = 1/4

Rparallel = 4Ω. Total resistance: Rtotal = Rparallel + R3 = 4 + 8 = 12Ω

Mixed Connection Diagram

Example 10: Mixed Connection

Three resistors, R1 = 9Ω, R2 = 12Ω, and R3 = 18Ω, are connected in parallel. The combination is then connected in series with R4 = 10Ω. Find the total resistance.

Solution: First, find Rparallel: 1/Rparallel = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 = 1/9 + 1/12 + 1/18

1/Rparallel = 6/36 = 1/6, so Rparallel = 6Ω. Total resistance: Rtotal = Rparallel + R4 = 6 + 10 = 16Ω

Mixed Connection Diagram

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