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3-Phase Servo AVR (AC Voltage Stabilizer) — Parts, Tests, Repair & Maintenance

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3-Phase Servo AVR (AC Voltage Stabilizer) — Troubleshooting, Repair & Maintenance By Edwin Ogie • December 18, 2025 • -- AC Voltage Stabilizer — 3-phase servo control type (example from user photo) A practical, step-by-step guide to diagnose, repair and maintain 3-phase servo Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) / servo voltage stabilizers. Written in simple terms for technicians and maintenance teams working with generators, UPS rooms and factories. Includes videos, spare-parts list, safety checklist, troubleshooting flow and links to internal/external resources. Contents Why this matters In environments with unstable mains (frequent sags, surges or phase imbalance) a servo AVR protects sensitive equipment by continuously adjusting an autotransformer tap via a small servo motor. A well-maintained stabilizer saves equipment, reduces downtime and prevents costly damage. ...
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Chemical Symbols, Formulae, and Equations

Chemical Symbols, Formulae, and Equations

1. Chemical Symbols and Formulae

Chemical Symbols

A chemical symbol is a shorthand notation used to represent an element. Examples include:

  • H for Hydrogen
  • O for Oxygen
  • Na for Sodium
  • Cl for Chlorine
  • Ca for Calcium

Chemical Formulae

A chemical formula represents the composition of a compound. It can be of two types:

  • Empirical Formula: Simplest ratio (e.g., CH2O for glucose).
  • Molecular Formula: Actual number of atoms (e.g., C6H12O6 for glucose).

2. Writing Chemical Formulae

Steps to write chemical formulae:

  1. Identify the elements involved.
  2. Determine their valencies.
  3. Cross over the valencies to form subscripts.
  4. Write the formula.

Examples:

  • Sodium Chloride: NaCl
  • Magnesium Oxide: MgO
  • Iron (III) Chloride: FeCl3

3. Writing Chemical Equations

A chemical equation represents a reaction:

Reactants → Products

It must be balanced to follow the law of conservation of mass.

4. Balancing Chemical Equations

Steps to balance an equation:

  1. Write the unbalanced equation.
  2. Count the atoms of each element.
  3. Adjust coefficients to balance atoms.
  4. Recheck the counts.

Examples of Balanced Equations

  1. Combustion of Methane:
    CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
  2. Formation of Water:
    2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
  3. Synthesis of Ammonia:
    N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
  4. Decomposition of Water:
    2H2O → 2H2 + O2
  5. Reaction of Zinc with Hydrochloric Acid:
    Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
  6. Reaction of Sodium with Water:
    2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2
  7. Neutralization of HCl by NaOH:
    HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
  8. Reaction of Iron with Oxygen:
    4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3
  9. Formation of Calcium Carbonate:
    CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
  10. Displacement Reaction (CuSO4 and Zn):
    CuSO4 + Zn → ZnSO4 + Cu

Conclusion

Chemical symbols, formulae, and equations are foundational to understanding chemistry. Writing and balancing equations ensures accurate representation of reactions and adheres to the law of conservation of mass. With practice, these concepts become intuitive and valuable for predicting chemical behavior.

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