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Understanding Human Behaviour Without Spoken Words

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Understanding Human Behaviour Without Spoken Words — Edwin Ogie Library Understanding Human Behaviour Without Spoken Words Nonverbal Communication as a core human skill — simple, practical, and classroom-friendly. Chapter Objectives Introduction Meaning & Scope Major Channels Interpreting Behaviour Culture & Ethics Practical Applications Case Illustrations Reflection & Practice Summary & Terms By Edwin Ogie Library — clear, usable lessons for students and teachers. Chapter Objectives At the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to: Clearly define nonverbal communication and explain its role in human interaction. Identify and interpret major forms of nonverbal behaviour with accuracy. Analyse behaviour using clusters of cues rather than isolated signals. Apply nonverbal awareness eff...
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Number Bases

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Number Bases

Number Bases

Introduction

Definition: A number base, or radix, refers to the number of unique digits, including zero, that a positional numeral system uses to represent numbers. For example:

  • Base 10 (Decimal): 0–9
  • Base 2 (Binary): 0, 1
  • Base 5 (Quinary): 0–4

Importance: Number bases are fundamental in computer systems, digital electronics, and mathematical studies.

Conversion of Numbers from One Base to Another (up to Base 5)

Steps for Conversion:

  1. To Convert to Decimal: Multiply each digit by its base raised to the appropriate power and sum them.
  2. From Decimal to Another Base: Repeatedly divide the decimal number by the new base and record remainders.

Example 1: Convert 1325 to decimal:

1 × 52 + 3 × 51 + 2 × 50 = 25 + 15 + 2 = 4210

Example 2: Convert 10012 to decimal:

1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 910

Example 3: Convert 4210 to base 4:

42 ÷ 4 = 10 R2
10 ÷ 4 = 2 R2
Answer: 2224

Addition and Subtraction in Other Bases

Addition

Steps: Add digits as in decimal. Carry over if the sum equals or exceeds the base.

Example 1: 1012 + 112

  101
+ 011
------
 1000

Answer: 10002

Subtraction

Steps: Subtract digits as in decimal. Borrow from higher place value if necessary.

Example 1: 10112 - 1012

  1011
- 0101
------
  1000

Answer: 10002

Multiplication and Division in Number Bases

Multiplication

Steps: Multiply digits as in decimal. Adjust results based on the base.

Example 1: 112 × 102

  11
× 10
------
 110

Answer: 1102

Division

Steps: Divide digits as in decimal. Adjust results based on the base.

Example 1: 1102 ÷ 102

1102 = 610
102 = 210
6 ÷ 2 = 3
Answer: 112

Note: Ensure all calculations are verified.

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