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3-Phase Servo AVR (AC Voltage Stabilizer) — Parts, Tests, Repair & Maintenance

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3-Phase Servo AVR (AC Voltage Stabilizer) — Troubleshooting, Repair & Maintenance By Edwin Ogie • December 18, 2025 • -- AC Voltage Stabilizer — 3-phase servo control type (example from user photo) A practical, step-by-step guide to diagnose, repair and maintain 3-phase servo Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) / servo voltage stabilizers. Written in simple terms for technicians and maintenance teams working with generators, UPS rooms and factories. Includes videos, spare-parts list, safety checklist, troubleshooting flow and links to internal/external resources. Contents Why this matters In environments with unstable mains (frequent sags, surges or phase imbalance) a servo AVR protects sensitive equipment by continuously adjusting an autotransformer tap via a small servo motor. A well-maintained stabilizer saves equipment, reduces downtime and prevents costly damage. ...
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Number Bases

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Number Bases

Number Bases

Introduction

Definition: A number base, or radix, refers to the number of unique digits, including zero, that a positional numeral system uses to represent numbers. For example:

  • Base 10 (Decimal): 0–9
  • Base 2 (Binary): 0, 1
  • Base 5 (Quinary): 0–4

Importance: Number bases are fundamental in computer systems, digital electronics, and mathematical studies.

Conversion of Numbers from One Base to Another (up to Base 5)

Steps for Conversion:

  1. To Convert to Decimal: Multiply each digit by its base raised to the appropriate power and sum them.
  2. From Decimal to Another Base: Repeatedly divide the decimal number by the new base and record remainders.

Example 1: Convert 1325 to decimal:

1 × 52 + 3 × 51 + 2 × 50 = 25 + 15 + 2 = 4210

Example 2: Convert 10012 to decimal:

1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20 = 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 910

Example 3: Convert 4210 to base 4:

42 ÷ 4 = 10 R2
10 ÷ 4 = 2 R2
Answer: 2224

Addition and Subtraction in Other Bases

Addition

Steps: Add digits as in decimal. Carry over if the sum equals or exceeds the base.

Example 1: 1012 + 112

  101
+ 011
------
 1000

Answer: 10002

Subtraction

Steps: Subtract digits as in decimal. Borrow from higher place value if necessary.

Example 1: 10112 - 1012

  1011
- 0101
------
  1000

Answer: 10002

Multiplication and Division in Number Bases

Multiplication

Steps: Multiply digits as in decimal. Adjust results based on the base.

Example 1: 112 × 102

  11
× 10
------
 110

Answer: 1102

Division

Steps: Divide digits as in decimal. Adjust results based on the base.

Example 1: 1102 ÷ 102

1102 = 610
102 = 210
6 ÷ 2 = 3
Answer: 112

Note: Ensure all calculations are verified.

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