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Understanding Human Behaviour Without Spoken Words

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Understanding Human Behaviour Without Spoken Words — Edwin Ogie Library Understanding Human Behaviour Without Spoken Words Nonverbal Communication as a core human skill — simple, practical, and classroom-friendly. Chapter Objectives Introduction Meaning & Scope Major Channels Interpreting Behaviour Culture & Ethics Practical Applications Case Illustrations Reflection & Practice Summary & Terms By Edwin Ogie Library — clear, usable lessons for students and teachers. Chapter Objectives At the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to: Clearly define nonverbal communication and explain its role in human interaction. Identify and interpret major forms of nonverbal behaviour with accuracy. Analyse behaviour using clusters of cues rather than isolated signals. Apply nonverbal awareness eff...
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Gas laws

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Gas Laws

Gas Laws

The behavior of gases can be explained using three fundamental laws: Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the Ideal Gas Law. These laws relate pressure, volume, and temperature of gases under different conditions.

Boyle's Law

Boyle's Law states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.

Formula: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

Boyle's Law Graph

Examples:

Example 1: If a gas at 2 atm occupies 5 L, what will its volume be at 4 atm?

Solution: V₂ = (P₁V₁) / P₂ = (2 × 5) / 4 = 2.5 L

Example 2: A gas occupies 10 L at 1 atm. What is its pressure if its volume is reduced to 2 L?

Solution: P₂ = (P₁V₁) / V₂ = (1 × 10) / 2 = 5 atm

Charles's Law

Charles's Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure.

Formula: V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂

Charles's Law Graph

Examples:

Example 1: A gas has a volume of 3 L at 300 K. What is its volume at 600 K?

Solution: V₂ = (V₁T₂) / T₁ = (3 × 600) / 300 = 6 L

Example 2: A gas occupies 4 L at 200 K. What is its temperature when its volume becomes 8 L?

Solution: T₂ = (V₂T₁) / V₁ = (8 × 200) / 4 = 400 K

Ideal Gas Law

The Ideal Gas Law relates pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles of a gas.

Formula: PV = nRT

Where: P = Pressure, V = Volume, n = Moles of gas, R = Gas constant, T = Temperature (in Kelvin).

Ideal Gas Law Graph

Examples:

Example 1: Find the volume of 1 mole of a gas at 1 atm and 273 K. R = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K

Solution: V = (nRT) / P = (1 × 0.0821 × 273) / 1 = 22.4 L

Example 2: Calculate the pressure of 2 moles of gas in a 10 L container at 300 K. R = 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K

Solution: P = (nRT) / V = (2 × 0.0821 × 300) / 10 = 4.93 atm

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