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3-Phase Servo AVR (AC Voltage Stabilizer) — Troubleshooting, Repair & Maintenance By Edwin Ogie • December 18, 2025 • -- AC Voltage Stabilizer — 3-phase servo control type (example from user photo) A practical, step-by-step guide to diagnose, repair and maintain 3-phase servo Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR) / servo voltage stabilizers. Written in simple terms for technicians and maintenance teams working with generators, UPS rooms and factories. Includes videos, spare-parts list, safety checklist, troubleshooting flow and links to internal/external resources. Contents Why this matters In environments with unstable mains (frequent sags, surges or phase imbalance) a servo AVR protects sensitive equipment by continuously adjusting an autotransformer tap via a small servo motor. A well-maintained stabilizer saves equipment, reduces downtime and prevents costly damage. ...
Clear, school‑friendly notes on redox reactions: definitions, oxidation numbers, balancing redox equations, tests and nomenclature.
Page 1 — What is a Redox Reaction?
A redox (oxidation–reduction) reaction is any chemical change where electrons are transferred between species. One species loses electrons (oxidation) while another gains electrons (reduction).
Redox can be described by addition/removal of oxygen or hydrogen, by electron transfer, or by a change in oxidation numbers.
Every redox reaction has an oxidizing agent (accepts electrons) and a reducing agent (donates electrons).
Page 2 — Oxidation (Simple Definitions)
Oxidation is when a substance loses electrons. Other easy ways to spot oxidation are when a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen.
Electron view: Loss of electrons (e⁻). Example: Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻ (Zn is oxidized).
Oxygen/hydrogen view: Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen counts as oxidation.
Quick check: In 2Fe + O₂ → 2FeO, iron is oxidized (it gains oxygen).
Page 3 — Reduction (Simple Definitions)
Reduction is when a substance gains electrons. It can also be seen as loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
Electron view: Gain of electrons (e⁻). Example: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu (copper is reduced).
Oxygen/hydrogen view: Removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen counts as reduction.
Tip: The species that is reduced is the oxidizing agent because it causes another species to lose electrons.
Page 4 — Oxidation Numbers (How to Assign)
Oxidation numbers help us track electron transfer. Use these simple rules:
Free elements have oxidation number 0 (e.g., H₂, O₂, Fe).
For simple ions, the oxidation number equals the charge (Na⁺ → +1, Cl⁻ → -1).
Oxygen is usually -2 (except in peroxides where it is -1).
Hydrogen is usually +1 (except in metal hydrides where it is -1).
The sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is 0; in a polyatomic ion it equals the ion charge.
Example: In H₂O, H is +1 and O is -2 → total = 2(+1)+(-2)=0.
Page 5 — Balancing Redox Equations (Simple Steps)
Write the two half-reactions (oxidation & reduction).
Balance atoms other than O and H.
Balance O by adding H₂O; balance H by adding H⁺ (in acidic) or H₂O/OH⁻ (in basic).
Balance charge by adding electrons (e⁻).
Multiply half-reactions to equalize electrons and add them together.
Cancel species that appear on both sides and simplify.
Short worked form: Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂ (Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻; 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂) → combine and balance.
Page 6 — Balancing in Acidic and Basic Media
For reactions in acidic solution use H⁺ and H₂O to balance oxygen and hydrogen. For basic solutions, after balancing in acid, neutralize H⁺ with OH⁻ to form water.
Remember: Acid → use H⁺; Basic → use OH⁻ (after initial acid balance).
Page 7 — Identifying Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
The oxidizing agent is the species reduced (gains electrons). The reducing agent is the species oxidized (loses electrons).
Example: In 2Ag⁺ + Cu → 2Ag + Cu²⁺, Ag⁺ is reduced so it is the oxidizing agent; Cu is oxidized and is the reducing agent.
Page 8 — Tests for Oxidizing & Reducing Agents
KMnO₄ test: Purple KMnO₄ is decolorized by reducing agents in acidic medium.
Iodine-starch test: Iodine gives a blue color with starch; reducing agents remove iodine, fading the color.
Dilute HNO₃ test: Strong oxidizing agents may produce brown NO₂ gas.
Page 9 — IUPAC Naming Using Oxidation Numbers
When a metal has variable oxidation states, indicate the state in Roman numerals in brackets after the metal name.
Clear, school‑friendly notes on redox reactions with a timed practice quiz.
Practice: 20‑Question JAMB CBT Quiz (Timed)
Click the Start Quiz button to reveal questions. The timer will begin (5 seconds). You may submit early using the Submit button. When time expires the quiz auto-submits.
FORGIVENESS THE SECRET TO A SUCCESSFUL RELATIONSHIP Forgiveness is a critical aspect of human relationships, particularly in marriage. Treating others with mercy and leniency requires you to overlook misunderstandings and the wrongs they have done to you. The capacity to forgive is a fundamental virtue that is the linchpin of safeguarding relationships and leading a flourishing life. Lack of forgiveness causes lots of damage to marriages, and it is often the root cause of divorce in our society. It is, therefore, vital to understand that forgiveness is the key to a lasting, successful, and fulfilling marriage. Before embarking on the journey of marriage, individuals should take responsibility and learn to know themselves deeply. It is essential to realize that marriage is not a walk in the park. It requires perseverance, tenacity, and a loving spirit from the partners involved. When hurt arises, forgiveness is an indispensable tool that partners must employ to calm their difference...
EO Navigating Life’s Complexities Through Self-Consciousness A practical, story-driven guide to building mental resilience, clarity and better relationships in daily life. Expand all Collapse all Print Download .doc Introduction What is Self-Consciousness? Why it Matters The Nigerian Context Stories in Action Root Causes Upbringing & Environment Strategies to Grow Applications Exercises & Plans Scripts & Conversation Frames Resources Conclusion Introduction In a world of constant noise, stress, and social pressure, developing self-consciousness — the steady ability to notice yourself and choose — is essential. This post explains what it is, why it matters (especially in Nigeria), and how to build it with concrete stories...
Mastering the Art of Present Steps for Future Triumphs" In the pursuit of victory, every step forward is pivotal. It's essential to navigate your present position with care, for it is the springboard to your future achievements. How you handle your current endeavors directly impacts the path to your next conquests. Attempting to bypass or disregard your present circumstances can undermine your success in the steps that follow. In the realm of business, strategic maneuvering is essential to attaining your desired goals. Step into Consciousness: Harnessing Experience for Future Benefits Experience serves as our greatest teacher, guiding us towards tomorrow's rewards. Often, we fall into the trap of assuming the world revolves around us, treating our current situations with indifference and overlooking their implications for future outcomes. It's crucial to be mindful of how we approach our present steps, recognizing their significance in shaping tomorrow's victories....
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